Christians among minority groups targeted with spyware 5 May 2023 News Researchers found that many victims’ devices were first infected near police stations or border posts. (Photo: Lookout) Intelligence officers belonging to the Law Enforcement Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran, or FARAJA, are using spyware to monitor members of minority groups, including Christians, according to new research. Since March 2020, at least 487 devices have been infected with “BouldSpy”, which has the capability to extract data including photographs, screenshots of conversations, and recordings of video calls from applications including WhatsApp and Telegram, according to researchers at US-based Lookout Threat Intelligence. And most victims live in minority areas, such as Kurdistan, Sistan and Baluchestan, as well as West Azerbaijan Province, where many Armenian and Assyrian Christians live. “In particular, about 25 victim locations were gathered in the city of Orumiyeh, West Azerbaijan Province, which is historically associated with Armenian and Assyrian Christianity,” Kyle Schmittle, Lookout Threat Intelligence Researcher, explained to Article18. “Some files stolen from victims indicate Christian faith, particularly snippets or scanned sections of relevant books,” he added. Recovered exfiltration data, bearing the insignia of FARAJA, shows victims likely came into contact with Iranian law enforcement, researchers said. Mr Schmittle said the researchers were confident FARAJA was behind the infections, because “the first location collected from victim devices was in the direct vicinity of either a regional police station, a border control post, Iranian Cyber Police building, military facility, provincial police command headquarters, narcotics police station, or Islamic Republic of Iran Police Force Headquarters. Most of these categories of facilities fall under the ultimate command of the overarching Law Enforcement Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran, or FARAJA”. “Because of the consistency in first-location collections from victim devices near police stations all over Iran, we believe the BouldSpy malware is most likely installed using physical access to the device when a victim is detained,” Mr Schmittle told Article18. “Additionally, some victims had photos of official FARAJA documents on their devices indicating that they had been arrested. While this information led us to attribute the malicious activity to FARAJA, in our opinion this is insufficient information to achieve a high confidence attribution.” There was a particular spike in infections at the height of the Mahsa Amini protests in October 2022, Mr Schmittle noted, explaining: “We saw an infection rate of roughly 23-30 devices per month from July to September 2022, with a jump to 74 devices in October, and again back to about 23 devices in November.” Mr Schmittle added that infections are “ongoing”, and that there has been another uptick in recent months. “Similar numbers of devices have been infected in March and April 2023, with 69 and 87 new infections respectively, suggesting another large increase in infection activity,” he said. The true number of victims is also likely to be higher, the researchers noted, because exfiltration data is often cleared.
USCIRF report focuses on ‘sharply deteriorated religious freedom’ in Iran 2 May 2023 News The “sharply deteriorated religious-freedom conditions” in Iran are the focus of the cover and introduction to the latest annual report by the US Commission on International Religious Freedom. The cover of the report, which was published yesterday, features a photograph of Mahsa Amini, alongside the names of scores of Iranians imprisoned on account of their religious beliefs, including a dozen Christians. The report begins by explaining how protests erupted in Iran following the death in custody of Mahsa Amini, “because her visible hair violated the government’s religiously grounded headscarf law”. “Outraged by this flagrant denial of life,” the report goes on, “young women and girls led hundreds of thousands of fellow Iranians in peaceful protests asserting their right to freedom of religion or belief, risking severe punishment, permanent injury, and even death.” The cover, USCIRF says, “honors the many Iranians, known and unknown, held in prison in 2022 on account of their religious beliefs, activity, or identity by displaying the names of the individuals from Iran who are included in USCIRF’s Freedom of Religion or Belief Victims List”. Among the names listed are a dozen Christians: Malihe Nazari, Joseph Shahbazian, Gholamreza Keyvanmanesh, Morteza Mashoodkari, Ahmad Sarparast, Ayoob Poor-Rezazadeh, Alireza Nourmohammadi, Amin Khaki, Milad Goodarzi, Abdolreza (Matthias) Ali-Haghnejad, Zaman (Saheb) Fadaie, and Yousef Nadarkhani. The report also highlights the cases of Anooshavan Avedian, Abbas Soori, Maryam Mohammadi, Rahmat Rostamipour, Nasser Navard Gol-Tapeh, and Fariba Dalir, as well as the Christian converts “pressured to abandon their faith” in Dezful, and Armenian church leaders “pressured … to issue statements supporting the government”. “Iranian authorities’ repression of freedom of religion or belief has been a decades-long campaign targeting both religious minorities and members of the majority Shi’a Muslim community,” the report explains. “During 2022, in addition to its repression of protesters, Iran’s leadership continued to target members of the Baha’i, Christian, Gonabadi Sufi, Zoroastrian, Yarsani, Sunni Muslim, Shi’a Muslim, and nonreligious communities with harassment, arrests, egregiously long prison sentences, multi- year internal exiles, or bans on participating in political and social activities.” USCIRF recommends that the US State Department re-designates Iran as a Country of Particular Concern for “systematic, egregious, and ongoing violations of religious freedom”; “imposes targeted sanctions on Iranian government agencies and officials responsible for severe violations of religious freedom”; “continues to coordinate international action to lift the veil of impunity under which Iran’s leadership continues to operate”; and “prioritizes resettlement for survivors of the most egregious forms of religious persecution, including Iranian religious minorities”.
US Commission on International Religious Freedom 2023 annual report 2 May 2023 Reports The “sharply deteriorated religious-freedom conditions” in Iran are the focus of the cover and introduction to the latest annual report by the US Commission on International Religious Freedom. The cover of the report, which was published yesterday, features a photograph of Mahsa Amini, alongside the names of scores of Iranians imprisoned on account of their religious beliefs, including a dozen Christians. The report begins by explaining how protests erupted in Iran following the death in custody of Mahsa Amini, “because her visible hair violated the government’s religiously grounded headscarf law”. “Outraged by this flagrant denial of life,” the report goes on, “young women and girls led hundreds of thousands of fellow Iranians in peaceful protests asserting their right to freedom of religion or belief, risking severe punishment, permanent injury, and even death.” The cover, USCIRF says, “honors the many Iranians, known and unknown, held in prison in 2022 on account of their religious beliefs, activity, or identity by displaying the names of the individuals from Iran who are included in USCIRF’s Freedom of Religion or Belief Victims List”. Among the names listed are a dozen Christians: Malihe Nazari, Joseph Shahbazian, Gholamreza Keyvanmanesh, Morteza Mashoodkari, Ahmad Sarparast, Ayoob Poor-Rezazadeh, Alireza Nourmohammadi, Amin Khaki, Milad Goodarzi, Abdolreza (Matthias) Ali-Haghnejad, Zaman (Saheb) Fadaie, and Yousef Nadarkhani. The report also highlights the cases of Anooshavan Avedian, Abbas Soori, Maryam Mohammadi, Rahmat Rostamipour, Nasser Navard Gol-Tapeh, and Fariba Dalir, as well as the Christian converts “pressured to abandon their faith” in Dezful, and Armenian church leaders “pressured … to issue statements supporting the government”. “Iranian authorities’ repression of freedom of religion or belief has been a decades-long campaign targeting both religious minorities and members of the majority Shi’a Muslim community,” the report explains. “During 2022, in addition to its repression of protesters, Iran’s leadership continued to target members of the Baha’i, Christian, Gonabadi Sufi, Zoroastrian, Yarsani, Sunni Muslim, Shi’a Muslim, and nonreligious communities with harassment, arrests, egregiously long prison sentences, multi- year internal exiles, or bans on participating in political and social activities.” USCIRF recommends that the US State Department re-designates Iran as a Country of Particular Concern for “systematic, egregious, and ongoing violations of religious freedom”; “imposes targeted sanctions on Iranian government agencies and officials responsible for severe violations of religious freedom”; “continues to coordinate international action to lift the veil of impunity under which Iran’s leadership continues to operate”; and “prioritizes resettlement for survivors of the most egregious forms of religious persecution, including Iranian religious minorities”.
Christian convert whose son has leukaemia released from prison 26 April 2023 News A 50-year-old Christian convert whose son has been battling leukaemia for five years was released from prison on Monday, two days before his 25th birthday. Malihe Nazari, who was serving a six-year prison sentence in Tehran’s Evin Prison for “acting against national security by promoting ‘Zionist’ Christianity”, had been in prison since August 2022. Her son, Mohammad-Hossein, turns 25 today. Article18 has not yet been able to independently verify the details of Malihe’s release, but Mohabat News reported that the Supreme Court ruled in her favour due to her son’s condition. Mohammad-Hossein was first diagnosed with cancer five years ago and at one stage was believed to have recovered, until a resurgence two years ago. Malihe was given three days’ leave from prison in March, as Mohammad-Hossein’s health had deteriorated. However, as noted by Article18’s director, Mansour Borji, at the UK parliament presentation of our annual report last month, Malihe was then forced to return to prison on the day of the Iranian New Year. Background Joseph Shahbazian and Mina Khajavi. Malihe was sentenced alongside another Christian woman convert to Christianity, Mina Khajavi, who is 60 years old, and an Iranian-Armenian pastor, Joseph Shahbazian, who is 59. Mina also received a six-year sentence, but has not yet had to go to prison after a doctor ruled that she was not well enough; Mina suffered a bad ankle break when a car ran her over last year. Joseph began his 10-year prison sentence at the same time as Malihe and remains in Evin Prison, but the Supreme Court recently ordered a retrial in his case. The three Christians were among at least 35 Christians arrested or interrogated by intelligence agents belonging to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps in a coordinated operation over two days and across three cities in the summer of 2020. Four other Christian converts were also sentenced to imprisonment as part of the same case – Salar Eshraghi Moghadam, Farhad Khazaee, Somayeh (Sonya) Sadegh and her mother Masoumeh Ghasemi – but permitted to pay fines (equivalent to between $800-$1,250 each) instead of going to prison.
12. Journey’s End 22 April 2023 Notes from Prison This is the twelfth and last of a series of articles by Mojtaba Hosseini, an Iranian convert to Christianity who spent more than three years in prison in the southern city of Shiraz because of his membership of a house-church. Mojtaba’s first note from prison explained his journey to faith and the first of his two subsequent arrests; his second detailed his long interrogation; his third explained the desperation and loneliness of solitary confinement and his fourth described some of the dreams and visions he had in solitary. His fifth note described his court hearing, his sixth his first moments in prison, and his seventh his emotions in the moments and days after his release on bail. In his eighth note Mojtaba recounted his year-long trial; his ninth explained living in the constant expectation of re-arrest; and his tenth saw that long-anticipated day arrive. In his eleventh note, Mojtaba recounted an unexpected friendship in prison; and in this final note, Mojtaba talks us through his transfer to the public prison, life there, and his journey since. So we arrived at the public prison, with a capacity of 3,000 but a population of 8,000, and known for both violence and chaos. I had a lot of fear and apprehension in my heart, a feeling like stepping into a dark forest and considering the thousands of dangers I would meet. I took comfort from the words of Psalm 23: “The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want. Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil, for You are with me; your rod and staff, they comfort me.” “Oh, Good Shepherd, be with us and keep us safe,” I prayed. I put my hope in the one for whom even darkness is not dark; even night is as bright as day. Wherever I may go, I knew He would take my hand. From the very first moment in that place, everything was so strange that it was as though I had entered an entirely new world. The atmosphere was so full of fear, humiliation, anxiety, unkindness, and anger that it felt as though you inhaled these emotions with every breath. A huge crowd of prisoners was waiting in the yard to be transferred to their respective wards; the prison was so large that prisoners were transported by bus. After the prison officers had noted down our details and the “crime” for which we had been brought to this place, we also waited for our transfer. Difficult to breathe A bus arrived, but the number of prisoners waiting there was so much greater than the capacity of the bus. Nevertheless, and incredibly – I couldn’t believe what was happening at first – the soldiers pushed every single one of us into the bus, while shouting at us and insulting us. Every seat was full; some people even had to share. There was not a single empty space on the bus; not even in the aisle. We were crammed together so tightly that it was difficult to breathe, and this sense of claustrophobia was only enhanced by the bars over the windows and the fact each prisoner was shackled to another. My hands were already extremely sore and bruised because of the shackles, but it wasn’t only my body that felt squeezed; inside, too, my heart felt squeezed as I considered the plight of my fellow prisoners. It seemed as though from the point of the ruthless prison guards, we prisoners weren’t even human; we were no better than animals in their eyes. Otherwise, they surely wouldn’t have treated us so badly. I found solace in considering that my God had also been insulted and humiliated, treated like a worthless lamb to be slaughtered, and yet now He is seated on the throne, King of Kings, Saviour of the world, and He calls me His son. But these other prisoners were completely lost and broken, sick and oppressed people, who needed the salvation and forgiveness of our Lord Jesus Christ. “O God, our Good Shepherd, come and find and save these lost souls!” I prayed. It was clear that in this place prisoners were viewed as completely worthless. During the years I spent there, I saw this attitude displayed constantly, experiencing it both personally and in the way other prisoners were treated. And as the grief and brokenness of the cruelty of that place welled up in my heart, so too did Christ’s compassion and kindness for other prisoners. Sometimes God would give me the strength to smile in that harsh environment, or to comfort someone. Sometimes I would surprise other prisoners with a kind word or generous act, so out of keeping with the environment. There was even a saying among the prisoners that “in this place, even deer don’t breastfeed their babies”, so love was a strange thing there, and Christ’s love became like a fragrance that permeated the prison. Above all, the message of the gospel of Christ shone like a light in the darkness and transformed the souls of many prisoners who had been weighed down with wickedness and guilt. God’s mercy poured down like rain in the desert in the hearts of these condemned men, and brought hope. And to be able to be the mouthpiece of God in that place, telling sinners they were forgiven, or being the hand on a sad shoulder and telling them not to fear because God was with them; to manifest God’s love where it was most needed – hundreds of times – was such an honour. An ongoing journey I spent three years of my life in that place – from the age of 24 until I was 27 – and I witnessed God’s faithfulness there every day. And the stories and testimonies from those days not only encourage and strengthen my soul; I know they also have this impact on the hundreds of other believers who hear them. I can only describe those days as a long journey but one that I experienced with Christ, who himself was persecuted; and all the wounds I experienced along the way found their meaning in the wounds he experienced, and this brought healing not only to me, but also to others. I also held on to the great truth of knowing that he rose from the dead, and the victory is his, and that because of this we know where our journey will end. For now, my journey and suffering goes on; after my release from prison, I was forced to leave my country, because after two arrests not only my Christian activities but also normal life became impossible. Being a refugee was incredibly difficult, far away from family and friends and feeling homesick in a foreign land, with a new culture and language, and having to adapt to a new way of life. After three years in prison and then forced migration, my journey was certainly far from easy; I spent many days in depression and different struggles. But one day, in prayer, I heard a whisper in my heart: “I know your suffering and pain, but you haven’t had to give up your life.” And in this moment I knew God wasn’t asking me to die, but reminding me of the joy of my salvation and the new life He had given me, to help me not to live as a victim but as an heir and child of my Heavenly Father. So now, years later, I, Mojtaba, still declare that your name, my dear Lord Jesus Christ, be gloried forever, that you are the living God who loved me and gave your life for my sins on that Cross, to share with me a new and eternal life and to share your very self. I am forever thankful to you. Amen. Mojtaba now lives in the UK, where he is training for ordination in the Church of England.
11. Unexpected Friendship 15 April 2023 Notes from Prison This is the penultimate article in a series by Mojtaba Hosseini, an Iranian convert to Christianity who spent more than three years in prison in the southern city of Shiraz because of his membership of a house-church. Mojtaba’s first note from prison explained his journey to faith and the first of his two subsequent arrests; his second detailed his long interrogation; his third explained the desperation and loneliness of solitary confinement and his fourth described some of the dreams and visions he had in solitary. His fifth note described his court hearing, his sixth his first moments in prison, and his seventh his emotions in the moments and days after his release on bail. In his eighth note Mojtaba recounted his year-long trial; his ninth explained living in the constant expectation of re-arrest; and his tenth saw that long-anticipated day arrive. In this eleventh note, Mojtaba recalls the moment he was unexpectedly joined in his solitary cell by another prisoner of conscience. After 18 days’ solitary confinement and intense interrogations, at the very moment I needed new hope, the cell door opened and a man wearing a blindfold and prison clothes was pushed inside. Once he had removed his blindfold, this man appeared shocked to find himself sharing this small solitary-confinement cell with another prisoner: me. I learnt that this man, a father of a two-year-old boy and husband of a wife who was now pregnant again, had been arrested only because he was a Baha’i. As two prisoners of conscience, whose detention was based on very similar grounds, we soon formed a friendship. I remember talking with him non-stop for almost three hours that first night. It was as though I had been thirsty for someone to talk to, and our similar experiences created immediate empathy between us. Though we were only together a short time, I really enjoyed the time we shared and remain grateful to God for sending this man to me. During the day, he worshipped according to his own rituals, and I according to mine. One day, while he was singing one of his songs, I enjoyed the melody and its meaning and, wanting to express my sympathy and respect for him, asked him to teach me the song. At first he seemed surprised, but he was also very glad to comply, and it was a truly precious experience for both of us as we sang together in that cell, overlooking our different beliefs. It felt like a symbol of God’s love, which is so opposed to the hatred with which we had been treated by our oppressors, who acted with such violence and enmity, while God sings over us a thousand songs of His love and kindness. After that, this man also began to sing with me one of the Christian songs that I had been singing, which he also really liked. In these precious moments, we looked at each other and both said how we longed for the same sense of unity – in spite of our differences – in Iranian society; that instead of prejudice, we might live with mutual respect and an understanding of each other’s intrinsic value as human beings. What a beautiful dream, but sadly so opposed to the values of the Islamic Republic. Although we were together only for a short time, our friendship didn’t end in that cell, and to this day we remain in touch, and always refer back to those days and how thankful we are to God for bringing us together. At the moment I most needed it, this man’s presence gave me renewed strength to endure my captivity. A few days later, two more people were added to our cell. One was a student, who had been arrested because of his anti-regime activities and speeches, and the other was an old man whose son had left a gun in his home before fleeing the scene. So now there were four of us in this small cell, which measured around 6×2 metres, with a toilet in the corner. The air became suffocating, and we couldn’t even really walk around anymore. The public prison This was the way things were for the next two weeks, until, on the thirty-third day of my imprisonment, the door suddenly opened and my name was called. As usual, they first blindfolded me, and then took me to another place. And there I suddenly heard the voices of the friends I had been arrested with, and discovered that they were transferring us to the public prison. It was a strange feeling; I didn’t know whether I should be happy to be rescued from this dark place, or concerned at the prospect of being sent to the terrible prison of Adel Abad. All of us except for one of the ladies arrested with us were put into one car, and as soon as we left the detention centre they took off our blindfolds and we could see each other’s faces again, 33 days on from the night of our arrest. Tears of joy welled up in our eyes, and small smiles formed on our lips. I felt a combination of joy and encouragement at seeing my brothers in Christ again, as well as fear and anxiety for what lay ahead. But the power of us being together again was by far the stronger emotion, and gave me renewed courage. My time in solitary confinement felt much longer to me than it really was – as though several months passed – but it was only the beginning of a much longer journey, which would have its own special twists, turns and difficulties. It should be noted that, according to Iranian law, every day of solitary confinement should be considered the same as three days’ imprisonment in a public ward, but this rule was never applied in my case. God had a plan to show me His glory and how He wanted to use me, but given the hardship of the path ahead, if I were to ask, “Lord, where are you taking me, and how do you want to use me?” I probably wouldn’t have chosen the same path. Yet many souls were longing for God’s salvation, hopeless souls trapped in darkness, who needed light to shine on them to bring them a fresh and glorious new beginning. We can’t always ask God to make the future clear to us, but no matter how dark the road ahead, we can trust in Him and, our hand in His loving hands, step by step move towards a glorious future. And along this road, though the way ahead remained unclear, I witnessed many scenes of God’s amazing work, which would have seemed impossible for me to even imagine but kept on happening as I witnessed to others about my thankfulness to God, our Heavenly Father.
Christian woman among Evin prisoners of conscience to call for climate action 12 April 2023 News Christian prisoner of conscience Sara Ahmadi has joined 19 other women political prisoners in Tehran’s Evin Prison in co-signing an open letter calling on the Islamic Republic to take action in response to climate change. Sara, who is serving an eight-year prison sentence for leading a house-church, joined fellow inmates including environmental, civil and women’s rights activists in penning the joint letter, which has been translated into English by Radio Zamaneh. Earlier this year, Sara co-signed another joint letter denouncing state executions in Iran. Sara’s sentence, and that of her husband Homayoun Zhaveh, who is serving a two-year sentence, is set to be reviewed next month by a Tehran appeal court, after the Supreme Court ordered a retrial. Homayoun is 64 years old and has advanced Parkinson’s disease, a condition that has worsened during his imprisonment due to stress and lack of access to medication and care; Sara is not only Homayoun’s wife, but also his primary carer. What does the letter say? Iran is the sixth highest emitter of greenhouse gases and especially “vulnerable to the diverse impacts of climate change”, the prisoners note. Although Iran signed the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2016, “parliament still needs to approve it, and therefore [the Islamic Republic of Iran] has not officially become a member of the world agreement”. “The IRI has not only failed to act on its obligations,” the prisoners say, “but is also retreating from its already meagre promises to continue developing the polluting industries of oil, gas, and petrochemicals. “Greenhouse gas emissions in Iran have reached 678 million tons per year… At the same time, Iran is prone to droughts, sand and dust storms, floods, and other extreme weather events, all intensified by climate change, with devastating impacts on agriculture, the economy, drinking water, health, and other sectors.” The letter concludes: “We, the female political prisoners and prisoners of belief in Evin, social, environmental, and political activists in diverse fields, mothers and grandmothers of future generations, at this moment, express our deep concern about the future of our children and our country. Despite the hardship and the suffocating problems of political, cultural, social, and other natures that cast their shadow on our lives, we demand firm national commitment and serious action to reach the goals of the Paris Agreement.” You can read the full text of the letter, and list of signatories, below. The environment is one of the most critical concerns of humanity, and many movements have formed around it as a significant global challenge. The “climate movement” has become one of the most influential and expansive of recent activism worldwide, with close ties to diverse aspects of human life. Unequivocal evidence has proven that climate change is taking place due to human activity. Environmental protection is essential for our beloved country and the world and, therefore, cannot and should not be ignored. Greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) emissions that result from burning fossil fuels (such as oil and gas), together with the destruction of natural habitats, have resulted in an unprecedented change in our planet’s climate and its consequent warming. This trend has extensive adverse effects on humans, animals, and plants. The situation is dangerous to the extent that life on earth faces uncontrollable risks that are difficult to imagine. We currently stand at a critical point; humanity’s actions during this decade will determine the path toward or away from a climate-induced catastrophe. At the same time, the Islamic Republic of Iran is making decisions about our country’s share in averting from the intensification of this crisis. According to the recent report of the special commission on Article 90 of the Iranian Parliament published on Feb 21, 2023 as well as an official statement made by the head of Iran’s Department of Environment, Mr. Ali Salajegheh, at the National Conference on Environmental Diplomacy (Feb 26, 2023), after a seven year long day, Iran’s membership in the Paris Agreement and the possibility of renewing the Nationally Determined Contribution of the country are being assessed. In light of this critical development, we believe it is our responsibility to express our grave concern about the issue of Climate Change and the rights of future generations to a safe and healthy world and to bring attention to the fact that the current approach is threatening the future of the country and life on this planet. We must point out, with great regret, that Iran holds sixth place in the world as one of the biggest emitters of greenhouse gases but also, the most vulnerable to the diverse impacts of climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions in Iran have reached 678 million tons per year, matching those of France, Britain, Sweden, Norway, and Switzerland combined. At the same time, Iran is prone to droughts, sand and dust storms, floods, and other extreme weather events, all intensified by climate change, with devastating impacts on agriculture, the economy, drinking water, health, and other sectors. The Paris Agreement was approved in 2015 at the 21st meeting of the members (COP21) in Paris under the framework of the United Nations Convention to Combat Climate Change (UNFCCC) and during which 195 countries of the world, including the Islamic Republic of Iran, committed to keeping the global temperature below 2 degrees Celsius, trying to limit it further to 1.5 degrees by the end of 2100. This action means reducing greenhouse gases by 45% by 2030 compared to 2010 and bringing them to zero by 2050. Iran signed this agreement in April 2016, but the parliament still needs to approve it, and therefore IRI has not officially become a member of the world agreement. Too much time has already been lost, and the international community has been unable to avoid catastrophes effectively. Yet, many countries in recent years have taken up more serious commitments, mainly under pressure from civil society’s climate movement. The I.R.I. has not only failed to act on its obligations but is also retreating from its already meager promises to continue developing the polluting industries of oil, gas, and petrochemicals. Instead of cutting down on emissions, we are now witnessing the creation of a 4.8 km2 methane cloud in the south of Tehran from the Aradkuh waste disposal site. Methane is the cause of 30% of global warming. With 8500 kg of methane gases being emitted per hour, Aradkuh alone has become one of the world’s top three most significant sources of this dangerous greenhouse gas. We, the female political prisoners and prisoners of belief in Evin, social, environmental, and political activists in diverse fields, mothers and grandmothers of future generations, at this moment, express our deep concern about the future of our children and our country. Despite the hardship and the suffocating problems of political, cultural, social, and other natures that cast their shadow on our lives, we demand firm national commitment and serious action to reach the goals of the Paris Agreement. We ask all our fellow Iranians to consider the urgency of the climate crisis with a deep understanding of the issue and to include it as a vital part of their civic demands. By joining the global climate movement, rather than being part of the problem, we can become part of the solution. In this regard, we believe that the following actions are both necessary and possible in the context of Iran while taking into account social and climate justice and supporting vulnerable communities as well as public inclusion in decision-making, especially the decision of women, youth, local communities, and ethnic minorities: Moving away from fossil fuels and taking advantage of the country’s great potential in renewable energy (solar and wind). Conservation and rehabilitation of ecosystems that absorb carbon dioxide ( forests, wetlands, Persian Gulf’s coral reefs, etc.). Shifting to a low-carbon economy and climate-resilient development. Reducing pollution, increasing energy efficiency, reducing natural gas leakage in production, and using clean technology. Disaster risk reduction through ecosystem-based and other necessary approaches. Concrete action towards adaptation of industry, agriculture, integrated water resource management, and other areas to inevitable impacts of climate change. For Pirouz and all the children of Iran who have been deprived of healthy nature! Narges MohammadiSepideh QolianNahid TaghaviFariba KamalabadiMaryam Haj HosseiniVida RabbaniFaezeh Hashemi RafsanjaniNiloufar BayaniSepideh KashaniMahvash SabetZahra ZehtabchiFatemeh MosanaSara AhmadiRaha AskarizadehNoushin JafariHasti AmiriNarges ZarifianZhila Karamzadeh MakvandiMojgan InanlouAsal Mohammadi
Supreme Court orders retrial of Christian couple serving combined 10-year sentence 11 April 2023 News An Iranian Christian couple serving a combined 10 years in prison for belonging to a house-church have had their third application for a retrial accepted. Sara Ahmadi, who will turn 45 on Friday, and Homayoun Zhaveh, who is 64 and has advanced Parkinson’s disease, were informed of the decision on Easter Day. The ruling was made by Branch 9 of the Supreme Court, the same branch that agreed last month to a retrial in the case of an Iranian-Armenian pastor, Joseph Shahbazian, serving a 10-year sentence for holding church services in his home. Sara and Homayoun’s case will be reviewed by Branch 34 of Tehran’s appeal court on 9 May. The couple have been in prison since August last year, when they were surprisingly detained after answering a summons which they believed would only see them reunited with property confiscated from them by the agents who arrested them. They were arrested back in June 2019, sentenced in November 2020, and first answered a summons to serve their sentences in June 2021, only to be told they could return home. Their first two applications for a retrial – in June 2021 and November 2021 – were both rejected. In June 2021, Article18 launched a petition for the charges against the couple to be dropped. Today, that ongoing petition calls for them to be released, noting that: “As a signatory to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Iran has a binding obligations to respect and protect the right to religious freedom.” The UN’s special rapporteur on the human rights situation in Iran, Javaid Rehman, highlighted Iran’s breaches of this covenant during the launch of Article18’s joint annual report at the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva last month. “Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, and everyone has the right to have a religion, to adopt another religion, of his or her choice, without any coercion,” he said. “And these are what we call ‘non-derogable’. You cannot derogate from that. Whatever religion or faith I choose for myself, there must not be any interference; the state cannot say, ‘Well, you know, there are public security issues, national security.’ This is my choice! And this is very important for all states to recognise, including Iran.”
10. The Fateful Day Arrives 8 April 2023 Notes from Prison This is the tenth in a series of articles by Mojtaba Hosseini, an Iranian convert to Christianity who spent more than three years in prison in the southern city of Shiraz because of his membership of a house-church. Mojtaba’s first note from prison explained his journey to faith and the first of his two subsequent arrests; his second detailed his long interrogation; his third explained the desperation and loneliness of solitary confinement and his fourth described some of the dreams and visions he had in solitary. His fifth note described his court hearing, his sixth his first moments in prison, and his seventh his emotions in the moments and days after his release on bail. In his eighth note Mojtaba recounted his year-long trial, and his ninth explained living in the constant expectation of re-arrest. In this tenth note, that long-awaiting day arrives. One winter night in 2012, we had gathered at a friend’s house for our Christian worship meeting, and as usual part of our worship was singing songs that spoke of God’s love, sovereignty and victory, and as we were singing, the doorbell rang and there was also a knock on the door. We had continued to sing as the landlord went to open the door, when suddenly about 30 plainclothes agents of the Ministry of Intelligence violently raided the property, while shouting. It was a strange moment. I was both in a state of shock, but also telling myself that the moment I had been waiting for had finally arrived. A thousand and one thoughts came to my mind: what would this mean for my mother, my family? It hadn’t been more than a year since my father had died, and now I was definitely going to jail. I also thought of the other church members in the room, especially vulnerable ones like the women and children. The children had actually been in another room with their teacher, but after hearing the screams some had come out and were standing there in shock, and some of them were crying. This was one of the most painful scenes I had ever witnessed, and I know for sure that this awful experience has impacted those children psychologically to this day. The atmosphere in the house had become extremely dark and oppressive. It was suffocating, and I felt as though the roof had fallen in on me. The mothers were all in tears, and the children were looking around for their parents but weren’t allowed to join them by the cruel agents, who instead sent them into another room along with one of the agents. My younger brother was also among these children, and I was exploding from the inside, and all I could think about was his safety, and the safety of the other children and women. Meanwhile, we were all given pieces of paper, on which were written a number of personal questions and other questions related to our meetings, and one of the agents all the time filmed everybody and everything that happened. Then I and the other active members of the group were handcuffed, and each of us were taken in separate vehicles to our homes, which they searched, confiscating all Christian items. A forbidden faith On the drive to my home, when I looked out at the city streets, I suddenly felt as though I was a stranger in the place where I had been born, and as if I no longer belonged there. Because I wasn’t free. I couldn’t live the way I wanted. And why was it that my way of thinking, my beliefs and my faith were forbidden? How is it possible that you can be arrested and imprisoned without committing any crime, without harming anyone? And actually even when your beliefs mean that you hope and pray for the best of everyone in society – whether your relatives or anyone else. Well, after they had confiscated the Christian items and books, as well as some of my other personal belongings – all while I was still in handcuffs – they blindfolded me and put me back into the car. And at no point did they show any documents from the court to justify their unjust actions, which were in fact against the law. As I got back into the car, my mother was unable to speak one word, and only looked at me from a distance, with tears in her eyes and a face on which was etched a thousand worries, prayers, hopes and words. That look brought a pain to my heart that is still with me today. Sometimes I even blame myself for being the cause of all the pain my mother experienced. But God, in His kindness and grace, comforts me and assures me that the blame does not rest with me, and that it is not my beliefs that have caused my mother’s suffering, but the injustice and oppression of wicked men. And I know too that God is the just judge, and that he responds to injustice and is working everything for the ultimate good of me and my family. All I have to worry about is that I continue to do his will, knowing that one day the time will come for almighty God to bring his own judgement on those truly responsible. Familiar surroundings Just like the last time, I was taken to the Ministry of Intelligence detention centre, “Pelak-e 100”, and placed in solitary confinement. Even the cell was the very same as the one I had spent three weeks in almost three years previously. And being back there again, it was as if all the pain and memories from my previous experience were being relived, making my renewed imprisonment even more difficult. The only difference was that this time I knew my chances of being released were much slimmer. I knew very well that by continuing my activities after my first arrest, my re-arrest would mean the implementation of my previous sentence – so at least eight months in prison, in addition to whatever new sentence would be given to me, which would undoubtedly be greater than the first. It was very hard to accept this, and to confront the reality that that my future prospects were lengthy imprisonment and separation from my friends, family, hopes and dreams. The next morning, without being taken to any court, which seemed very strange, I was told the new charges against me by a female interrogator of the Shiraz Revolutionary Court named Ms Zare. The charges were: “forming illegal groups” – meaning the house-church meetings – “propaganda against the regime”, “acting against the security of the regime”, and “insulting the sacred”, meaning “blasphemy” and of which I was later acquitted. The interrogations started the next day. During the 33 days I was held in solitary confinement, I was taken for at least 10 intense and prolonged interrogations. And this time, the interrogators’ behaviour was completely different. They said they used different language to discipline “criminals”, so with ugly insults and death threats, we were all subjected to psychological torture. For example, I remember that during one interrogation they said: “Some of you will be executed, and some of you will be sentenced to 30 years in prison.” And they were constantly trying to make us suspicious of each other by making up false stories and claims, and saying that they knew everything about our lives. And afterwards, being taken back to solitary confinement, carrying all the burdens and pressure of those interrogations, was exhausting. In that lonely environment, all those words and threats surrounded me, as well as my worries for my family and the other church members. It was like an enormous stone had been placed on top of my chest, or that the world had become a small box in which even breathing was no longer easy. And these days were made even more difficult by not being permitted even one visit or call from a family member. I decided that I would avoid eating, and instead spend every day in fasting, prayer and worship. And through this I found amazing strength. I had found myself on the frontlines of a war in which I had to fight at all times against my own anxieties, as well as the attacks of the enemies of the Bible. Then, after 18 days of fasting, when the pressure was at its greatest and I had lost a lot of weight, something happened that made it easier for me to continue to endure my confinement…
9. Living in Expectation of Arrest 1 April 2023 Notes from Prison This is the ninth in a series of articles by Mojtaba Hosseini, an Iranian convert to Christianity who spent more than three years in prison in the southern city of Shiraz because of his membership of a house-church. Mojtaba’s first note from prison explained his journey to faith and the first of his two subsequent arrests; his second detailed his long interrogation; his third explained the desperation and loneliness of solitary confinement and his fourth described some of the dreams and visions he had in solitary. His fifth note described his court hearing, his sixth his first moments in prison, and his seventh his emotions in the moments and days after his release on bail. In his eighth note Mojtaba recounted his year-long trial, and in this ninth note he explains what it is like to live in the constant expectation of re-arrest. In spite of all the challenges and persecution that our small Christian community had endured, our fellowship not only didn’t stop, but continued in an even more serious and profound way. One of the major strengths of our group was the deep intimacy and love between us, forged as a result of the hardships we had been through together. Differences of belief or preferences about particular things no longer mattered; what mattered was our bond as a divine family. Through Christ I had received a precious and saving faith, but this faith couldn’t last without the help and companionship of my fellow believers – especially during the ongoing wave of persecution and harassment that we experienced at the hands of the Islamic Republic. During the court process, because of the danger of gathering together in our homes, we met instead in very small groups in public places like parks, or even sometimes just in pairs on the street, or in a car. Most of the time we didn’t have our mobile phones with us, because we knew the security forces obtained some of their information that way. For this reason, we never used our phones to arrange any meetings or any other Christian activities, and this practice continued even after the trial. So my day-to-day life had completely changed. Not using technology made communicating and coordinating our meetings much more difficult. For example, to arrange a meeting with someone I had to go to their house, without arranging it first, and then, having got there, I would sometimes just have to go all the way home again because they weren’t home. Or sometimes if we had to cancel or rearrange a meeting, I would have to go to every individual’s home, never knowing if they were even going to be in. But due to the love of Christ in my heart, and my yearning to meet with other believers – my divine family – these efforts weren’t only challenging but also sweet to me. You would go to any length to see your family, and in the same way members of our church would do anything to remain in fellowship with one another, no matter how hard it was. The church grows It was also very interesting to see that, over time, through friends, relatives or acquaintances, many others joined our group who we hadn’t even made a special effort to invite. These were new believers who didn’t have anyone else to have Christian fellowship with, and they needed a lot of support. In around three years, our group of 20 became a group of 200 – a clear testimony to the way the persecution of the Church doesn’t weaken or destroy it but in fact opens the way for its growth and strengthening. For, through it all, it is God himself who is at work, and during persecution he gives a double portion of his grace to his servants. Who can stand against this invisible, omnipotent God? But while the growth of our church was wonderful and very encouraging, it also brought with it its own anxieties and fears. Eight months of imprisonment were still awaiting us, and we knew full well that the continuation of our group, and its growth, meant we would be going back to prison. This prompted me to speak with one of the other leaders who had also been sentenced to eight months in prison. He had two children, so I said to him: “The group is growing, as is the threat of our imprisonment. What will happen to your wife and children if we are rearrested? Don’t you intend to stop your activities?” But he answered my question with questions of his own: “Can you give up testifying to your faith in Jesus? Can you live without serving him? I was dead before I believed in Christ, so what is the fear of imprisonment compared to that? And I know that the One who healed me in this way is also able to protect my wife and children.” The story of this man’s life was that he had been addicted to drugs for 30 years, and it had seemed as though nothing could free him from this devastating addiction. Just to get to sleep he had to take very strong sleeping pills, and sometimes even these had no effect on him. His life was a dark hell that was also destroying the lives of his wife and children. But one day, when he became acquainted with Christ through a friend, with just one prayer and through giving his heart to Christ, he was immediately freed from the bondage of all those drugs, and he no longer wanted any of them, nor even cigarettes. His life was miraculously healed, and even his wife and children surrendered to Christ when they saw the beautiful change in his life, and the whole family served Christ with love. Bound together My friend’s incredible courage and testimony also strengthened me, and we together pledged to go on serving. On that day, we truly placed all our hope and confidence in the love and grace of the One who had freed us and our families from the darkness of sin and evil. So once again I witnessed the miracle of Christ’s love in my heart – how he had made us one family – and told my friend that if we were together in joy and praise, we should also be prepared to be together in misery and persecution. For how could I face the day when he would go to prison and I remain free? Throughout this period of persecution, our being together, our love for each other, and our oneness in Christ were among the most important contributors to the steadfastness of our testimony of faith. When I think about those days, I can only conclude that if my brothers and sisters hadn’t been with me, I wouldn’t have been able to bear the persecution. Like Paul, I can testify from the bottom of my heart: “For what is our hope, our joy, or the crown in which we will glory in the presence of our Lord Jesus when he comes? Is it not you? Indeed, you are our glory and joy.” (1 Thessalonians 2:19-20) And truly, like David, I praise God for this precious gift: “I say to the Lord, ‘You are my Lord; apart from you I have no good thing.’ I say of the holy people who are in the land, ‘They are the noble ones in whom is all my delight.’” (Psalm 16:2-3) So with this conscious decision, which was full of risk, we continued our activities with eager but trembling hearts. We had strict security measures, and cut off all communication with people who were connected to churches abroad. But as the number of people increased, things became more difficult to control, and three years later, one winter night in 2012, the moment arrived that we had been waiting for all that time. That night, a long and difficult journey began in my life, the effect of which remains with me to this day. But I wasn’t alone on this journey. We were together.